What is a Free Radical?

A free radical is defined as an unstable molecule that can cause damage to cells. This instability arises from having unpaired electrons, which makes them highly reactive. They often seek to stabilize themselves by reacting with other molecules, potentially leading to oxidative stress within the body. This oxidative stress can result in the damage of cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, thus contributing to various diseases and aging processes.

In contrast, stable molecules essential for metabolism do not exhibit the characteristics associated with free radicals; instead, they participate in metabolic processes without causing harm. Vitamins, while important for health, are not classified as free radicals; rather, they often have antioxidant properties which can help neutralize free radicals. Proteins are critical for numerous bodily functions including muscle function, but they do not define what a free radical is. Understanding the role of free radicals in health is crucial for studying nutrition and disease prevention.